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Penicillin

[penicillin photo]

KEY POINTS

  • Penicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that works by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall in susceptible organisms
  • Penicillin was originally discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, but was not employed in clinical practice on a large scale until World War II in the 1940s
  • Available for oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration
  • Widely considered the drug of choice for various Gram positive anaerobes (e.g., Clostridium perfringens), beta-hemolytic Streptococci (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes & Streptococcus agalactiae) and syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
    • Beware penicillin resistance in alpha-hemolytic Streptococci (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae & Viridans group Streptococci)
  • Frequent dosing is common, except with the intramuscular formulation
    • Adjust doses for renal function
      • Failing to adjust doses for renal function may increase the risk for seizure
    • Aqueous penicillin G can be given via a continuous infusion over 20-24 hours
  • Beware nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, seizure, electrolyte abnormalities and hypersensitivity reactions
    • Prolonged use (especially >28 days) has been associated with neutropenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia
  • Inaccurate penicillin allergy labels are extremely common and penicillin skin testing may be an option to evaluate a questionable penicillin allergy label

RESOURCES

  • Penicillin G Potassium For Injection Package Insert
  • Penicillin G Benzathine Injectable Suspension Package Insert
  • Penicillin G Procaine Injectable Package Insert
  • Penicillin V Potassium Oral Tablet & Suspension Package Insert
  • Penicillins Review – Mayo Clinic Proceedings (1999)
  • IDSA Practice Guidelines
  • 2015 CDC STD Guideline
  • Infective Endocarditis Guidelines – European Society of Cardiology (2015)





 

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